Altered Chief Cell Morphology in the Gastric Gland of Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats

SUMMARY: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder with rising incidences worldwide. Gastric symptoms of DM have been reported, including nausea, vomiting, bloating, and epigastric pain. Moreover, acute to chronic gastritis and atrophic gastritis occur in DM can affect the chief cells of the gastric gland. Chief cells are vital because of their ability to digest and separate vitamin B12 from protein. Lack of vitamin B12 leads to impaired DNA synthesis and abnormal metabolism in red blood cells, and eventually leading to pernicious anemia. Furthermore, decreased vibratory and positional senses, numbness, ataxia with subacute combined degeneration, and dementia are present in pernicious anemic patients. Twenty-four male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into control (n = 12) and diabetic (n = 12) groups. The rats were further separated into two categories: short-term (4 weeks) and long-term (24 weeks) groups. DM model was induced by manually injecting intraperitoneally with streptozotocin in citrate buffer at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. The same amount of buffer was injected into the control group. After sacrifice, three regions of the stomach (the cardia, body, and pylorus) were dissected. Histopathology was performed by staining with toluidine blue. Image analysis was used to quantify the zymogen granule accumulation in chief cells. The data were compared between the control and DM rats in each period using Student's t-test. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also used to examine the ultrastructures. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of zymogen granules in DM rats. Under TEM, the destructions of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus in the DM rat were observed in the chief cells. In rats with uncontrolled diabetes, there is damage to the chief cells all over the area of the stomach, affecting digestion and malabsorption of vitamin B12. Therefore, this result helps clinicians recognize that diabetic patients with gastric symptoms may have hidden pernicious anemia.

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es un trastorno metabólico con incidencia creciente a nivel mundial. Se han informado síntomas gástricos de DM, que incluyen náuseas, vómitos, distensión abdominal y dolor epigástrico. Además, la gastritis aguda a crónica y la gastritis atrófica que ocurren en la DM pueden afectar las células principales de la glándula gástrica. Las células principales son vitales debido a su capacidad para digerir y separar la vitamina B12 de las proteínas. La falta de vitamina B12 conduce a una síntesis de ADN deteriorada y un metabolismo anormal en los glóbulos rojos, lo que eventualmente conduce a una anemia perniciosa. Además, los pacientes con anemia perniciosa presentan disminución de los sentidos vibratorio y posicional, entumecimiento, ataxia con degeneración combinada subaguda y demencia. En este estudio se usaron 24 ratas Sprague-Dawley macho adultas. Las ratas se dividieron en grupos control (n = 12) y diabéticas (n = 12). Las ratas se separaron además en dos categorías: grupos a corto plazo (4 semanas) y a largo plazo (24 semanas). El modelo de DM se indujo inyectando manualmente por vía intraperitoneal estreptozotocina en tampón de citrato a una dosis de 60 mg/kg de peso corporal. Se inyectó la misma cantidad de tampón en el grupo control. Después del sacrificio, se disecaron tres regiones del estómago (cardias, cuerpo y píloro). La histopatología se realizó mediante tinción con azul de toluidina. El análisis de imágenes se utilizó para cuantificar la acumulación de gránulos de zimógeno en las células principales. Los datos se compararon entre las ratas control y DM en cada período utilizando la prueba t de Student. Además, se utilizó microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM) para examinar la ultraestructura celular. Hubo una disminución significativa en el porcentaje de gránulos de zimógeno en ratas DM. Bajo TEM, se observaron en las células principales las destrucción de las mitocondrias, del retículo endoplásmico rugoso y del complejo golgiense en la rata DM. En ratas con diabetes no controlada, hay daño en las células principales de toda el área del estómago, lo que afecta la digestión y la malabsorción de vitamina B12. Por lo tanto, este resultado ayuda a los médicos a reconocer que los pacientes diabéticos con síntomas gástricos pueden tener una anemia perniciosa oculta.

Evaluation of secretory activity in carp pancreatocytes (Cyprinus carpio L. ) when using lactobacillus-based chelate and probiotic supplemental feed complexes / Avaliação da atividade secretora em pancreatócitos de carpa (Cyprinus carpio L. ) ao usar quelato à base de lactobacilos e complexos suplementares de alimentação probiótica

The experimental research was carried out on the juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The impact from supplemental feeds consisting of variable concentrations of chelate compounds, biogenic trace elements and probiotic lactobacillus-based product Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 was evaluated. Optical and qualitative parameters of the lactobacillus base were studied in order to identify the major group of substances potentially able to influence the end result. The purpose of this research was to identify changes in the structure of the zymogen granules and their dimensions at which supplemental feeds produce a stimulating effect on the synthesis of zymogens in exogenous cells of the secretory part of pancreas. At the outcome of the study, for the first time, it was possible to prove that the integrated action of chelates and lactobacillus-based probiotics complemented each other. Metal chelate compounds contributed to enlargement of the zymogen granules, if compared to the control values. The bacterial products accelerated production of the zymogen granules in acinar cells diffusely located in carp hepatopancreas.

A pesquisa experimental foi realizada em carpas juvenis (Cyprinus carpio L.). O impacto de suplementos alimentares consistindo em concentrações variáveis de compostos quelatos, oligoelementos biogênicos e produto probiótico baseado em lactobacilos Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 foi avaliado. Parâmetros ópticos e qualitativos da base de lactobacilos foram estudados a fim de identificar o maior grupo de substâncias potencialmente capazes de influenciar o resultado final. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar mudanças na estrutura dos grânulos de zimogênio e suas dimensões nas quais alimentos suplementares produzem um efeito estimulante na síntese de zimogênios em células exógenas da parte secretora do pâncreas. No resultado do estudo, pela primeira vez, foi possível comprovar que a ação integrada dos quelatos e dos probióticos à base de lactobacilos se complementava. Compostos quelatos metálicos contribuíram para o aumento dos grânulos de zimogênio, se comparados aos valores de controle. Os produtos bacterianos aceleraram a produção dos grânulos de zimogênio nas células acinares localizadas difusamente no hepatopâncreas da carpa.

Evaluation of secretory activity in carp pancreatocytes (Cyprinus carpio L.) when using lactobacillus-based chelate and probiotic supplemental feed complexes

Abstract The experimental research was carried out on the juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The impact from supplemental feeds consisting of variable concentrations of chelate compounds, biogenic trace elements and probiotic lactobacillus-based product Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 was evaluated. Optical and qualitative parameters of the lactobacillus base were studied in order to identify the major group of substances potentially able to influence the end result. The purpose of this research was to identify changes in the structure of the zymogen granules and their dimensions at which supplemental feeds produce a stimulating effect on the synthesis of zymogens in exogenous cells of the secretory part of pancreas. At the outcome of the study, for the first time, it was possible to prove that the integrated action of chelates and lactobacillus-based probiotics complemented each other. Metal chelate compounds contributed to enlargement of the zymogen granules, if compared to the control values. The bacterial products accelerated production of the zymogen granules in acinar cells diffusely located in carp hepatopancreas.

Resumo A pesquisa experimental foi realizada em carpas juvenis (Cyprinus carpio L.). O impacto de suplementos alimentares consistindo em concentrações variáveis de compostos quelatos, oligoelementos biogênicos e produto probiótico baseado em lactobacilos Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 foi avaliado. Parâmetros ópticos e qualitativos da base de lactobacilos foram estudados a fim de identificar o maior grupo de substâncias potencialmente capazes de influenciar o resultado final. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar mudanças na estrutura dos grânulos de zimogênio e suas dimensões nas quais alimentos suplementares produzem um efeito estimulante na síntese de zimogênios em células exógenas da parte secretora do pâncreas. No resultado do estudo, pela primeira vez, foi possível comprovar que a ação integrada dos quelatos e dos probióticos à base de lactobacilos se complementava. Compostos quelatos metálicos contribuíram para o aumento dos grânulos de zimogênio, se comparados aos valores de controle. Os produtos bacterianos aceleraram a produção dos grânulos de zimogênio nas células acinares localizadas difusamente no hepatopâncreas da carpa.

Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis / 대한내과학회지

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease that is caused by various etiologies including gallstone, alcohol or hypertriglyceridemia. Although most cases of acute pancreatitis show self-limiting course, severe cases are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenic mechanisms of acute pancreatitis are not fully understood. However, it is a central dogma that premature intracellular activation of trypsinogen is the earliest pathologic event. Even though it remains unknown how intracellular trypsinogen activation can be caused by such diverse etiologies, this initial insult in pancreatic acinar cells lead to local inflammatory complications and a systemic response or death. Pathophysiologic mechanisms related to the progression of acute pancreatitis include microcirculatory injury, chemoattraction of inflammatory cells, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and bacterial translocation to pancreas and systemic circulation. Recently, several interesting transgenic mice model experiments shed a light in trypsin independent mechanism of local and systemic inflammation for progression of acute pancreatitis.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION ON THE RABBIT PANCREAS BY DMSO FREEZE CRACKING METHOD / 解剖学报

The normal rabbit pancreas was treated with DMSO freeze-cracking method and observed by scanning electron microscope, with special reference to examine the ultrastructure of pancreatic exocrine portion.The pancreatic acinus was composed of five to six pyramidal acinar cells around the lumen. A few short microvilli were present at the apex of each acinar cell. The spherical nucleus was located in the basal region, with one to three nucleoli.Numerous rough surfaced endoplasmic reticula were found in the basal region of acinar cells arranged either in longitudinal arrays, or concentrically. Mitochondria were located between rough surfaced endoplasmic reticula. The rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum may extend into supranuclear portion where well-developed Golgi apparatus and numerous spherical zymogen granules were situated.